UNIT 3 – IELTS READING CHO NGƯỜI BẮT ĐẦU: DẠNG ĐỀ MATCHING HEADINGS & MATCHING INFORMATION

A The notion of planning entire communities prior to their construction is an ancient one. In fact, one of the earliest such cities on record is Miletus, Greece, which was built in the 4th century BC. Throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, various planned communities (both theoretical and actual) were conceived. Leonardo da Vinci designed several cities that were never constructed. Following the Great Fire of London in 1666, the architect Christopher Wren created a new master plan for the city, incorporating parkland and urban space. Several 18th-century cities, including Washington D.C., New York City, and St Petersburg, Russia, were built according to comprehensive planning.

B In America, following the stock market crash of 1929, there was a great demand for both affordable housing and employment for workers who had lost their jobs. In direct response to this, in 1935 President Roosevelt created the Resettlement Administration, which brought about a total of three greenbelt towns: Greenbelt, Maryland, Greenhills, Ohio; and Greendale, Wisconsin. These towns contained many of the elements of the Garden City Movement developments, including the use of superblocks and a ‘green belt’ of undeveloped land surrounding the community.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-B from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-vi, in boxes 1-2 on your answer sheet.

1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B

A In a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a total of 57 babies from two slightly different age groups – seven months and eleven and a half months – were played a number of syllables from both their native language (English) and a non-native tongue (Spanish). The infants were placed in a brain-activation scanner that recorded activity in a brain region known to guide the motor movements that produce speech. The results suggest that listening to baby talk prompts infant brains to start practicing their language skills. Finding activation in motor areas of the brain when infants are simply listening is significant, because it means the baby brain is engaged in trying to talk back right from the start, and suggests that seven-month olds’ brains are already trying to figure out how to make the right movements that will produce words,’ says co-author Patricia Kuhl. Another interesting finding was that while the seven-month-olds responded to all speech sounds regardless of language, the brains of the older infants worked harder at the motor activations of non-native sounds compared to native sounds. The study may have also uncovered a process by which babies recognize differences between their native language and other tongues.

B Another study suggests that parents might want to pair their youngsters up so they can babble more with their own kind. Researchers from McGill University and Université du Québec a Montréal found that babies seem to like listening to each other rather than to adults – which may be why baby talk is such a universal tool among parents. They played repeating vowel sounds made by a special synthesizing device that mimicked sounds made by either an adult woman or another baby. This way, only the impact of the auditory cues was observed. The team then measured how long each type of sound held the infants’ attention. They found that the ‘infant’ sounds held babies’ attention nearly 40 percent longer.

1. B

1. A

1. D

1. a reference to characteristics that only apply to food production.

“Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first, every single person needs food each day and has a right to it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature.”

• “characteristics that only apply to food production” = “Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities”

1. a reference to challenges faced only by farmers in certain parts of the world.

“However, smallholder farmers in developing

countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural, in terms of soil quality, rainfall, etc…and human, in terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets, knowledge, and technology.”

• “certain parts of the world” = “developing countries”
• “faced” = “deal with”

1. a reference to difficulties in bringing about co-operation between farmers.

“It takes time, effort, and money to organize, build trust and experiment.”

• “difficulties” = “time, effort and money”

1. In her pioneering survey, Sources of London English, Laura Wright has listed the variety of medieval workers who took their livings from the river Thames. The baillies of Queenhithe and Billingsgate acted as customs officers. There were conservators, who were responsible for maintaining the embankments and the weirs, and there were the garthmen who worked in the fish garths (enclosures). Then there were galleymen and lightermen and shoutmen, called after the names of their boats, and there were hookers who were named after the manner in which they caught their fish. The searcher patrolled the Thames in search of illegal fish weirs, and the tideman worked on its banks and foreshores whenever the tide permitted him to do so.
2. All of these occupations persisted for many centuries, as did those jobs that depended upon the trade of the river. Yet, it was not easy work for any of the workers. They carried most goods upon their backs, since the rough surfaces of the quays and nearby streets were not suitable for wagons or large carts: the merchandise characteristically arrived in barrels which could be rolled from the ship along each quay. If the burden was too great to be carried by a single man, then the goods were slung on poles resting on the shoulders of two men It was a slow and expensive method of business.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-B from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-v, in boxes 1-2 on your answer sheet.

• Paragraph A
• Paragraph B

1. iii

1. v

1. The duties involved in various occupations

1. Transporting heavy loads manually